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The Nipah virus escaped obscurity as a nameless animal virus and assured itself a place in the annals of history by killing 105 pig farmers and toppling a billion dollar swine industry in Malaysia in less than 10 months. This hith...
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The Nipah virus escaped obscurity as a nameless animal virus and assured itself a place in the annals of history by killing 105 pig farmers and toppling a billion dollar swine industry in Malaysia in less than 10 months. This hitherto unheard of paramyxo-virus caused pandemonium in its wake and left behind a trail of destruction that is still being felt. The story of the Nipah virus shows just how vulnerable humans are to emerging zoonoses.
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Les mollusques bivalves sont des filtreurs et de ce fait ils peuvent accumuler dans leurs tissus des virus d'origine anthropique. Par ailleurs, des mortalités ont été rapportées chez les bivalves en association à la détectio...
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Les mollusques bivalves sont des filtreurs et de ce fait ils peuvent accumuler dans leurs tissus des virus d'origine anthropique. Par ailleurs, des mortalités ont été rapportées chez les bivalves en association à la détection de virus apparentés à différentes familles. Ainsi, des mortalités massives de l'huitre portugaise, Crassostrea angulata, ont été observées entre 1967 et 1973 en France et associées à la présence de virus interprétés comme appartenant à la famille des Iridoviridae, Par ailleurs, des virus de type herpès ont été détectés chez différentes espèces de bivalves marins lors d'épisodes de mortalité. Des néoplasies touchant les hémocytes, les cellules circulantes de l'hémolymphe, sont décrites chez les mollusques bivalves et sont encore aujourd'hui d'étiologie incertaine. Cependant, l'implication de rétrovirus a été suspectée. D'autres virus interprétés comme appartenant aux familles des Papovaviridae, Togaviridae, Reoviridae, Birnaviridae et Picornaviridae ont été décrits chez les coquillages. L'absence de lignées cellulaires de bivalves rend cependant difficile l'isolement de virus à partir d'échantillons de mollusques. Du fait du développement des productions d'écloserie en conchyliculture au niveau mondial, il apparait aujourd'hui indispensable de développer des outils de détection performants et des stratégies de lutte adaptées contre les maladies virales.
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The aim of the study was to obtain an overview on diagnostic and therapeutic activities concerning hepatitis A, B, C virus and HIV in Swiss prisons.
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Seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis among animals and birds in Tamil Nadu state of India is reported. Among the different species of animals screened, native pigs had the highest incidence (26.4 percent) followed by large Whit...
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Seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis among animals and birds in Tamil Nadu state of India is reported. Among the different species of animals screened, native pigs had the highest incidence (26.4 percent) followed by large White Yorkshire pigs (19.68 percent), birds (9.37 percent), cattle (6.86), buffaloes (5.06 percent) and goats (0.22 percent). Incidences of JEV antibodies were high in Villupuram. Vellore, Kancheepuram, Coimbatore and Cuddalore districts. Among the agroclimatic zones, Cauvery river delta had highest incidence where paddy is cultivated extensively. JEV antibodies could not be detected in samples screened in high rainfall and high altitude zones.
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A general mathematical model of viral infections inside a spherical organ is presented. Transported quantities are used to represent external cells or viral particles that penetrate the organ surface to either promote or combat th...
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A general mathematical model of viral infections inside a spherical organ is presented. Transported quantities are used to represent external cells or viral particles that penetrate the organ surface to either promote or combat the infection. A diffusion mechanism is considered for the migration of transported quantities to the organ inner tissue. Cases that include the effect of penetration, diffusion and proliferation of immune system cells, the generation of latently infected cells and the delivery of antiviral treatment are analyzed. Different antiviral mechanisms are modeled in the context of spatial variation. Equilibrium conditions are also calculated to determine the radial profile after the infection progresses and antiviral therapy is delivered for a long period of time. The dynamic and equilibrium solutions obtained in this paper provide insight into the temporal and spatial evolution of viral infections.
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Nosocomial virus infections cause significant morbidity and mortality. Besides influenza viruses, the disease burden of parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3) is comparatively high among hospitalized patients and severe disease course...
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Nosocomial virus infections cause significant morbidity and mortality. Besides influenza viruses, the disease burden of parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3) is comparatively high among hospitalized patients and severe disease courses can occur. PIV-3 showed the highest rates of nosocomial infections of a panel of respiratory viruses. Therefore, a retrospective observational study was conducted among patients with either PIV-3 or influenza viruses, which served as reference pathogen. The aim was to compare the seasonal dynamics and clinical characteristics of nosocomial infections with these highly transmittable viruses. Nosocomial infection occurred in 15.8% (n = 177) of all influenza cases, mainly in the first half of a season. About 24.3% (n = 104) of the PIV-3 cases were nosocomial and occurred mainly in the second half of a season. Both nosocomial rates of influenza and nosocomial rates of PIV-3 varied between the seasons. Community acquired and nosocomial cases differed in underlying medical conditions and immunosuppression. Knowledge of the baseline rates of nosocomial infections could contribute to the implementation of appropriate infection control measures.
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Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors and have pleiotropic effects. It has been suggested that statins may be a potential treatment during the next influenza pandemic. In a previous study we found ...
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Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors and have pleiotropic effects. It has been suggested that statins may be a potential treatment during the next influenza pandemic. In a previous study we found that a statin/caffeine combination protects BALB/c mice against Influenza A, subtypes haemagglutinin type 5 and neuraminidase type 1 (H5N1), H3N2 and H1N1 infection. The effect of statins alone on influenza virus infection, however, is not known. In this study, it was investigated whether fluvastatin is capable of inhibiting influenza A virus replication in vitro. The results demonstrated that the synthesis of viral RNA and protein was affected by fluvastatin treatment. Virus production was markedly reduced when fluvastatin was administered simultaneously with the virus; however, a greater inhibition was observed when fluvastatin was added following viral adsorption. The selectivity index [SI; 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50)/50% inhibition concentration (IC 50)], however, was only 21. It was further demonstrated that fluvastatin protects host cells against influenza-induced inflammation by reducing the production of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin 8 and interferon γ. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that fluvastatin exerted a minor inhibitory effect on influenza virus infection, which involved anti-inflammatory activities.
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Respiratory viruses can be detected in >90% of children with lower respiratory tract infections, such as bronchiolitis, due tothe use of sensitive nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for virus detection.1 NAATsalso detect com...
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Respiratory viruses can be detected in >90% of children with lower respiratory tract infections, such as bronchiolitis, due tothe use of sensitive nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for virus detection.1 NAATsalso detect common respiratory viral coinfections, defined as the detection of >1 viralpathogen in the same sample. Even 4–5 different respiratory viruses have been detected in children with acute respiratory infection (ARI).2 In this review, we will discuss the clinical significance of multiple respiratory virus detection (MRVD) that should be the preferred term for this phenomenon3 because it has not been shown that all viruses detected are causing infection. It is possible that some of them are just innocent bystanders inducing no inflammatory response. A large number of studies have shown that MRVD occurs in 20%–40% of children with lower respiratory tract infections, but this finding is less common in adults.2–5 The occurrence of different respiratory viruses in MRVD varies widely in different studies.
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